System for decontaminating water and generating water vapor

ABSTRACT

A system and method for decontaminating a fluid and recovered vapor, particularly processing and recycling water used in an oil zone steam process, utilizing a vaporizer-desalination unit to separate a contaminated water flow into a contaminated disposal flow and a clean water vapor flow. The contaminated water flow is recovered after separation from a combined oil and water flow from an oil well. The clean water vapor flow is preferably passed through a steam generator to produce the steam used in the oil zone steam process. The steam is injected into the oil zone of a designated well and then extracted as the combined oil and water flow. Once primed with sufficient external water, the system and method is designed to operate continuously with minimal replenishment because of the water/vapor/steam cycle.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.16/922,189, filed Jul. 7, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/256,144 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,730,762), filedJan. 24, 2019, which was a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.14/923,216, filed Oct. 26, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,273,168), whichwas a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/096,334,filed Dec. 4, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,169,132), which was a divisionalof U.S. application Ser. No. 13/536,581, filed Jun. 28, 2012 (now U.S.Pat. No. 9,102,545), and was a continuation-in-part of U.S. applicationSer. No. 12/488,750, filed Jun. 22, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,562,791).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system for decontaminating water andgenerating water vapor. More particularly, the present invention relatesto an improved method that utilizes a series of sensors and a controlsystem to vaporize water, remove dissolved solids and maximize recoveryof potable water from contaminated water via a horizontal waterprocessing vessel.

Desalinization (also desalination or desalinisation) refers to one ofmany processes for removing excess salt, minerals and other natural orunnatural contaminants from water. Historically, desalinizationconverted sea water into drinking water onboard ships. Moderndesalinization processes are still used on ships and submarines toensure a constant drinking water supply for the crew. But,desalinization is increasingly being used in arid regions having scarcefresh water resources. In these regions, salt water from the ocean isdesalinated to fresh water suitable for consumption (i.e. potable) orfor irrigation. The highly concentrated waste product from thedesalinization process is commonly referred to as brine, with salt(NaCl) being a typical major by-product. Most modern interest indesalinization focuses on developing cost-effective processes forproviding fresh water for use in arid regions where fresh wateravailability is limited.

Large-scale desalinization is typically costly and generally requireslarge amounts of energy and an expensive infrastructure. For example,the world's largest desalinization plant primarily uses multi-stageflash distillation and can produce 300 million cubic meters (m³) ofwater per year. The largest desalinization plant in the United Statesdesalinates 25 million gallons (95,000 m³) of water per day. Worldwide,approximately 13,000 desalinization plants produce more than 12 billiongallons (45 million m³) of water per day. Thus, there is a constant needin the art for improving desalinization methods, namely lowering costsand improving efficiency of the related systems.

Desalinization may be performed by many different processes. Forexample, several processes use simple evaporation-based desalinizationmethods such as multiple-effect evaporation (MED or simply ME),vapor-compression evaporation (VC) and evaporation-condensation. Ingeneral, evaporation-condensation is a natural desalinization processperformed by nature during the hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologiccycle, water evaporates into the atmosphere from sources such as lakes,oceans and streams. Evaporated water then contacts cooler air and formsdew or rain. The resultant water is generally free from impurities. Thehydrologic process can be replicated artificially using a series ofevaporation-condensation processes. In basic operation, salt water isheated to evaporation. Salt and other impurities dissolve out from thewater and are left behind during the evaporation stage. The evaporatedwater is later condensed, collected and stored as fresh water. Over theyears, the evaporation-condensation system has been greatly improved,especially with the advent of more efficient technology facilitating theprocess. But, these systems still require significant energy input toevaporate the water. An alternative evaporation-based desalinizationmethod includes multi-stage flash distillation, as briefly describedabove. Multi-stage flash distillation uses vacuum distillation. Vacuumdistillation is a process of boiling water at less than atmosphericpressure by creating a vacuum within the evaporation chamber. Hence,vacuum distillation operates at a much lower temperature than MED or VCand therefore requires less energy to evaporate the water to separatethe contaminants therefrom. This process is particularly desirable inview of rising energy costs.

Alternative desalinization methods may include membrane-based processessuch as reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialisys reversal (EDR),nanofiltration (NF), forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation(MD). Of these desalinization processes, reverse osmosis is the mostwidely used. Reverse osmosis uses semi-permeable membranes and pressureto separate salt and other impurities from water. Reverse osmosismembranes are considered selective. That is, the membrane is highlypermeable to water molecules while highly impermeable to salt and othercontaminants dissolved therein. The membranes themselves are stored inexpensive and highly pressurized containers. The containers arrange themembranes to maximize surface area and salt water flow ratetherethrough. Conventional-osmosis desalinization systems typically useone of two techniques for developing high pressure within the system:(1) high-pressure pumps; or (2) centrifuges. A high-pressure pump helpsfilter salt water through the membrane. The pressure in the systemvaries according to the pump settings and osmotic pressure of the saltwater. Osmotic pressure depends on the temperature of the solution andthe concentration of salt dissolved therein. Alternatively, centrifugesare typically more efficient, but are more difficult to implement. Thecentrifuge spins the solution at high rates to separate materials ofvarying densities within the solution. In combination with a membrane,suspended salts and other contaminants are subject to constant radialacceleration along the length of the membrane. One common problem withreverse osmosis in general is the removal of suspended salt and cloggingof the membrane over time.

Operating expenses of reverse osmosis water desalinization plants areprimarily determined by the energy costs required to drive thehigh-pressure pump or centrifuge. A hydraulic energy recovery system maybe integrated into the reverse osmosis system to combat rising energycosts associated with already energy intensive processes. This involvesrecovering part of the input energy. For example, turbines areparticularly capable of recovering energy in systems that require highoperating pressures and large volumes of salt water. The turbinerecovers energy during a hydraulic pressure drop. Thus, energy isrecovered in a reverse osmosis system based on pressure differentialsbetween opposite sides of the membrane. The pressure on the salt waterside is much higher than the pressure on the desalinated water side. Thepressure drop produces considerable hydraulic energy recoverable by theturbine. Thus, the energy produced between high pressure and lowpressure sections of the reverse osmosis membrane is harnessed and notcompletely wasted. Recovered energy may be used to drive any of thesystem components, including the high-pressure pump or centrifuge.Turbines help reduce overall energy expenditures to performdesalinization.

In general, reverse osmosis systems typically consume less energy thanthermal distillation and is, therefore, more cost effective. Whilereverse osmosis works well with somewhat brackish water solutions,reverse osmosis may become overloaded and inefficient when used withheavily salted solutions, such as ocean salt water. Other, lessefficient desalinization methods may include ionic exchange, freezing,geothermal desalinization, solar humidification (HDH or MEH), methanehydrate crystallization, high-grade water recycling or RF inducedhyperthermia. Regardless of the process, desalinization remains energyintensive. Future costs and economic feasibility continue to depend onboth the price of desalinization technology and the costs of the energyneeded to operate the system.

In another alternative method of desalinization, U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,140to Burke, Jr. discloses a method of separating and removing dissolvedminerals and organic material from water by destructive distillation.Here, water is heated to a vapor under controlled pressure. Dissolvedsalt particles and other contaminants fall out of the solution as waterevaporates. An integrated hydrocyclone centrifuge speeds up theseparation process. The heated, high pressure clean water transfersenergy back to the system through heat exchange and a hydraulic motor.Net energy use is therefore relatively lower than the aforementionedprocesses. In fact, net energy use is essentially equivalent to pumploss and heat loss from equipment operation. One particular advantage ofthis design is that there are no membranes to replace. This processremoves chemicals and other matter that would otherwise damage ordestroy membrane-based desalinization devices.

Another patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,287,026 to Wallace, discloses a methodand apparatus for removing salt and other minerals in the form ofdissolved solids from salt and other brackish waters to produce potablewater. Water is forced through several desalinization stages at hightemperature and at high centrifugal velocities. Preferably, the interiorcomponents spin the water at speeds up to Mach 2 to efficiently separateand suspend dissolved salt and other dissolved solids from the vaporizedwater. The suspended salt and other minerals are centrifugally forcedoutward to be discharged separately from the water vapor. The separatedand purified vapor or steam is then condensed back to potable water. Thesystem requires significantly less operational energy than reverseosmosis and similar filtration systems to efficiently and economicallypurify water. One drawback of this design is that the rotating shaft isbuilt into a vertical chamber. As a result, the rotating shaft sectionsare only solidly anchored to the base unit by a bearing and a bearingcap. At high rotational speeds (e.g. over Mach 1), vibrations causeexcessive bearing shaft and seal failure. Another drawback is that aseries of chambers are bolted together in housing sections. Theperforated plates are coupled to these sections by an O-ring seal. Thehousing and O-ring seals tend to wear over time due to salt penetrationbecause the multiple chambers and housing sections are connected via aplurality of nuts and bolts. In particular, the assembly of the Wallacedesign is particularly laborious. Maintenance is equally labor intensiveas it takes significant time to disassemble each of the housingsections, including the O-rings, nuts and bolts. Of course, the devicemust be reassembled after the requisite maintenance is performed. Eachhousing section must be carefully put back together to ensure propersealing therebetween. The system is also prone to a variety of torqueand maintenance problems as the device ages, such as O-ring leakage.Moreover, the rotating shaft is connected to the power source by a geardrive, which contributes to the aforementioned reliability problemsassociated with the bearings, shafts and seals. The system also fails todisclose a means for regulating the speed of the rotating shaft sectionsaccording to the osmotic pressure of the salt water being desalinated.The static operation of the Wallace desalinization machine is thereforenot as efficient as other modern desalinization devices.

Thus, there is a need in the art for an improved system that includessensors for monitoring real-time system information and controls foradjusting the mechanical operation of the system to maximizedecontamination of the water, such as desalinization of the water, andminimize energy consumption. Such a system should further incorporatemultiple recycling cycles to increase the recovery of potable water fromapproximately eighty percent to between approximately ninety-six percentto ninety-nine percent, should incorporate a polymer aided recoverysystem to extract trace elements of residue compounds and should consumeless energy than other desalinization systems known in the art. Thepresent invention fulfills these needs and provides further relatedadvantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a system for processing fluids,such as decontaminating or desalinating water, and generating watervapor, including steam. The system for decontaminating a fluid andrecovering vapor begins with a waste water supply fluidly connected to awaste water filtration strainer. The waste water filtration strainer isfluidly connected to a waste water feed tank. A waster water inlet on apurification unit receives the filtered output from the filter-strainerdevice to separate the waste water into a contaminate flow and a vaporflow.

The purification unit has a generally horizontal elongated vessel with aplurality of alternately spaced rotating trays and fixed bafflesdisposed vertically along the elongated vessel between a first end ofthe elongated vessel proximate to the waste water inlet and second endof the elongated vessel proximate to a contaminant outlet and a cleanwater vapor outlet. A contaminant tank is fluidly connected to thecontaminant outlet for storage of the same. A vapor pipeline is fluidlyconnected to the clean water vapor outlet.

The waste water feed tank may include a heat exchanger that isconfigured to receive the vapor pipeline. The vapor pipeline fluidlypasses through the heat exchanger so as to condense the clean watervapor output from the purification unit. A decontaminated water recoverytank is fluidly connected to the vapor pipeline after passing throughthe heat exchanger and is configured to store the condensed water forlater processing or distribution.

As an alternative to passing the vapor pipeline through a heatexchanger, the vapor pipeline may be fluidly connected to a steamgenerator for converting the vapor flow into a steam flow. The outputfrom the steam generator may then be fluidly connected to a steamturbine for converting the steam flow into electricity. The electricitygenerated by the steam turbine may be connected to an electrical grid ora storage battery for later use. In certain circumstances, the steamturbine may receive the vapor flow directly from the vapor pipeline,by-passing or omitting the need for the steam generator.

Instead of going into a steam turbine, a steam pipeline from the steamgenerator may be fluidly connected to a steam injector on an oilwellhead or similar structure fluidly connected to a subsurface oilzone. An oil-water separator may receive the combined oil-water flowextracted from the oil zone, so as to separate the same into an oilproduct flow and a waste water supply. A gas separator may be fluidlydisposed between the oil wellhead and the oil-water separator so as toseparate gasses entrained in the combined oil-water flow.

Within the vaporizer-desalination or purification unit, each of therotating trays has a plurality of scoops each having an inlet of a firstdiameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter, and each of thefixed baffles has a plurality of apertures each having an inlet of afirst diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter. Thepurification unit may further include an internal sleeve disposed in theelongated vessel downstream of the plurality of alternately spacedrotating trays and fixed baffles, the internal sleeve forming an annularpassageway to the contaminate outlet.

The present invention is also directed to a method for processing andrecycling water used in an oil zone steam processing cycle. The methodbegins with injecting a steam flow into a subsurface oil zone forstimulating and increasing a rate of oil production therefrom. Acombined crude oil and water flow is extracted from the subsurface oilzone. The combined crude oil and water flow is separated into a crudeoil flow and a contaminated water flow. The contaminated water flow isfiltered through a macro particle filtration device so as to produce afiltered water flow. The filtered water flow is processed through avaporizer-desalination unit, wherein the vaporizer-desalination unitseparates the filtered water flow into a contaminant flow and a cleanvapor flow. Finally, the clean vapor flow is pumped through a steamgenerator so as to produce the steam flow.

The method may further include introducing an external water flow intothe steam generator macro so as to introduce sufficient water to primethe oil zone steam processing cycle. The method may also includedisposing of the contaminant flow in a disposal well separate from thesubsurface oil zone. The crude oil flow may be stored in a storage tankfor subsequent processing and commercial distribution. The method mayfurther include degassing the combined crude oil and produced water flowprior to performing the separating step.

The vaporizer-desalination unit preferably has a generally horizontalelongated vessel having a plurality of alternately spaced rotating traysand fixed baffles disposed vertically along the elongated vessel betweena first end and a second end of the elongated vessel. The plurality ofalternately spaced rotating trays and fixed baffles may further includea plurality of scoops on each of the plurality of rotating trays, eachscoop having an inlet of a first diameter and an outlet of a secondsmaller diameter, and a plurality of apertures on each of the pluralityof fixed baffles, each aperture having an inlet of a first diameter andan outlet of a second smaller diameter. The vaporizer-desalination unitmay include an internal sleeve disposed in the elongated vesseldownstream of the plurality of alternately spaced rotating trays andfixed baffles, the internal sleeve forming an annular passageway to thecontaminate outlet.

The vaporizer-desalination unit preferably comprises an elongated vesseldefining an inner chamber. The vessel is oriented generallyhorizontally. An inlet is formed in the vessel for introducing fluidtherein. A plurality of trays is disposed within the inner chamber inspaced relation to one another. The trays include scoops through whichfluid—both liquid and vapor—passes. The scoops preferably include aninlet of a first diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter. Aplurality of baffles, typically apertured plates, is disposed betweenthe trays. Each baffle has a plurality of apertures through whichfluid—both liquid and vapor—passes. Preferably, the apertures have aninlet of a first diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter. Inone embodiment, at least one of the trays includes a flow directorextending from a front face thereof and configured to direct flow of thefluid towards a periphery of the tray.

A rotatable shaft passes through the baffles, and is attached to thetray so as to rotate the trays within the inner chamber, while thebaffles remain stationary. A drive rotates the shaft. Typically, a gapor a layer or sleeve of low friction material, or bearings, is disposedbetween the baffles and the shaft.

A contaminant outlet is formed in the vessel and typically in fluidcommunication with a contaminant water tank. An internal sleeve isdisposed in the inner chamber downstream of the trays and baffles. Theinternal sleeve is proximate to the contaminate outlet and forms anannular passageway leading from the inner chamber to the contaminateoutlet. A water vapor outlet is also formed in the vessel and is incommunication with a vapor recovery tank for condensing the vapor toliquid water. In one embodiment, at least one treated contaminated watertank is fluidly coupled to the vessel for reprocessing the contaminatedwater by passing the treated contaminated water through the systemagain.

In one embodiment, a controller may be used to adjust the speed ofrotation of the shaft or the water input into the vessel. At least onesensor is in communication with the controller. At least one sensor isconfigured to determine at least one of: 1) speed of rotation of theshaft or trays, 2) pressure of the inner chamber, 3) temperature of thefluid, 4) fluid input rate, or 5) level of contaminates in the fluid tobe processed.

In one embodiment, a turbine is connected to the vapor outlet of thevessel and operably connected to an electric generator. The fluid isheated to at least a boiling temperature thereof so as to create steam,and the vapor and/or steam is passed through the turbine operablyconnected to the electric generator. A treated fluid return may bedisposed between the turbine and the vessel fluid inlet. Alternatively,the shaft may extend out of the vessel and be directly or indirectlycoupled to an electric generator.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following more detailed description, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way ofexample, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention. In such drawings:

FIG. 1 is a top schematic, and partially sectioned, view of a system fordecontaminating water and generating water vapor, in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a side schematic, and partially sectioned, view of the systemof FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 2A is a view similar to FIG. 2 illustrating an alternativearrangement where the system 10 is controlled by a direct drive motorthat is directly coupled to one end of a shaft;

FIG. 3 is a top view illustrating the water processing vessel having anupper portion thereof opened;

FIG. 4 is an end view of the horizontal water processing vessel attachedto a portable framework, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a top view of a rotating tray having a plurality of scoopstherein;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the tray and a scoopthereof;

FIG. 7 is a top view of a baffle, used in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 is a side view of a tray having a water director placed in frontthereof;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the baffle,illustrating a tapered aperture thereof;

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustrating the electric motor coupled to thetransmission and then coupled to the shaft of the water processingvessel, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of the system of the presentinvention, similar to FIG. 1 , but illustrating the incorporation of acontrol box and various sensors, in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 12 is a top schematic view of the system of the present invention,incorporating a turbine and electric generator;

FIG. 12A is a view similar to FIG. 12 illustrating that the system maybe controlled by direct drive motor that is directly coupled to one endof a shaft;

FIG. 13 is an end view of the water processing vessel, illustrating avapor outlet thereof;

FIG. 14 is a side schematic view of the system of FIG. 12 ;

FIG. 15 is a front schematic and partially sectioned view of analternate embodiment of a system for decontaminating water andgenerating water vapor, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a close-up of the trays and baffles of the system of FIG. 15indicated by circle 16;

FIG. 17 is a lower perspective view of the vessel with inlet and outletsdepicted in the system of FIG. 15 ;

FIG. 18 is a cross-section of the vessel of FIG. 17 taken along line18-18 thereof;

FIG. 19 is an illustration of the shaft with trays and baffles of thesystem of FIG. 15 ;

FIG. 20 is an illustration of a tray of the system of FIG. 15 ;

FIG. 21 is an illustration of a baffle of the system of FIG. 15 ;

FIG. 22 is a side view of a tray indicated by line 22-22 in FIG. 20 ;

FIG. 23 is an opposite side view of the tray indicated by line 23-23 ofFIG. 20 ;

FIG. 24 is a side view of a baffle indicated by line 24-24 in FIG. 21 ;

FIG. 25 is a partial cross-sectional view of the shaft, tray and baffleas disposed in the vessel;

FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of a tray taken along line 26-26 ofFIG. 20 ;

FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of a baffle taken along line 27-27 ofFIG. 21 ;

FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a control screen for a system of thepresent invention;

FIG. 29 is a schematic illustration of the processes occurring atvarious points throughout the water processing vessel of the presentinvention;

FIG. 30 is an illustration of an embodiment of the shaft with trays andbaffles of the system of FIG. 15 with an increased diameter and anincrease number of scoops and apertures on the trays and baffles;

FIG. 31 is a side view of a tray excerpted from FIG. 30 ;

FIG. 32 is a side view of a baffle excerpted from FIG. 30 ;

FIG. 33 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the system ofthe present invention, including a salt water capture system and storagetank;

FIG. 34 is a schematic illustration of the salt water capture system ofthe present invention;

FIG. 35 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the system ofthe present invention, including an elevated condenser and holding tankwith a hydro-electric generator;

FIG. 35A is a schematic illustration of the condenser of FIG. 35 ;

FIG. 36 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the system ofthe present invention, including a bring recirculating system and abrine drying system;

FIG. 37 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the system ofthe present invention, including a control system with a graphicaldisplay;

FIG. 38 is a schematic illustration of the control system with graphicaldisplay of the main screen;

FIG. 39 is a schematic illustration of the control system with graphicaldisplay of the graphs screen;

FIG. 40 is a schematic illustration of the control system with graphicaldisplay of the trends screen;

FIG. 41 is a flow chart illustration of a desalinated water recoverysystem and process according to the present invention;

FIG. 42 is a flow chart illustration of a steam and electricitygenerating system and process according to the present invention; and

FIG. 43 is a schematic illustration of an oil zone steam processaccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As shown in the drawings, for purposes of illustration, the presentinvention resides in a system and method for decontaminating water andgenerating water vapor. The method and system of the present inventionis particularly suitable for desalinization of salt water, such as oceanor other brackish waters, as well as, river water or otherliquids/slurries. This preferred treatment will be used for exemplarypurposes herein, although it will be understood by those skilled in theart that the system and method of the present invention could be used todecontaminate other water sources. The present invention may be used toremove dissolved or suspended solids (decontamination), as well as,heavy metals and other pollutants. Moreover, as will be more fullydescribed herein, the system and method of the present invention can beused in association with relatively clean water to create water vapor,in the form of steam, which has a sufficient pressure and temperature soas to be passed through a turbine which is operably connected to anelectric generator for the generation of electricity, or other steamheating applications.

In the following description, multiple embodiments of the inventivemethod and system for decontaminating water and generating water vaporare described. Throughout these embodiments and with reference to thedrawing figures, functionally equivalent components will be referred tousing identical reference numerals.

With reference now to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the system—avaporization-desalination unit—generally referred to by the referencenumber 10, includes a water processing vessel or chamber 12 defining aninner chamber 14, wherein salt and other dissolved solids andcontaminants are removed from the water to produce essentiallymineral-free, potable water. In one embodiment, the processing vessel 12receives contaminated water from a feed tank 16 through an inlet valve18 via a feed tank tube 20. In this illustration, the inlet valve 18enters the vessel 12 laterally through a side wall. This inlet valve 18can be alternately positioned as described below. The source of watercan be sea or ocean water, other brackish waters, or even water which iscontaminated with other contaminants. Moreover, the present inventionenvisions supplying the contaminated water directly from the source,wherein the feed tank 16 may not necessarily be used.

With reference now to FIG. 3 , in one embodiment, the vessel 12 iscomprised of a lower shell and an upper shell portion 12 b such that thelower and upper shell portions 12 a and 12 b can be opened or removedrelative to one another so as to access the contents within the innerchamber 14 of the vessel 12. The vessel 12 may also be constructed as asingle unit as opposed to lower and upper shell portions. The waterprocessing vessel 12 includes, within the inner chamber 14 a pluralityof rotatable trays 22 spaced apart from one another and having a baffle24 disposed between each pair of trays 22. As will be more fullyexplained herein, the rotatable trays 22 include a plurality of scoops26 formed therethrough and the baffles 24 typically comprise plateshaving a plurality of apertures 28 formed therethrough. The baffles 24are fixed to the vessel 12 so as to be stationary. The baffles 24 maycomprise a lower portion disposed in the lower shell 12 a of the vesseland an upper portion attached to and disposed in the upper shell 12 b ofthe vessel 12 and designed to form a single baffle when the lower andupper shells 12 a and 12 b of the vessel 12 are in engagement with oneanother and closed. Alternatively, each baffle 24 may comprise a singlepiece that is attached to either the lower shell 12 a or the upper shell12 b in the earlier embodiment or at multiple points in the single unitembodiment. In either embodiment, the baffle 24 will remain generallystationary as the water and water vapor is passed therethrough.

As shown in FIGS. 2, 10, 11, and 12 , a variable frequency drive 30 mayregulate the speed at which electric motor 32 drives a transmission 34and a corresponding shaft 36. The shaft 36 is rotatably coupled tobearings or the like, typically non-friction bearings lubricated withsynthetic oil, Schmitt couplers, or ceramic bearings 38 and 40 atgenerally opposite ends of the vessel 12. The shaft 36 extends throughthe trays 22 and baffles 24 such that only the trays 22 are rotated bythe shaft. That is, the trays 22 are coupled to the shaft 36. Bearings,or a low-friction material, such as a layer or sleeve of Teflon isdisposed between the rotating shaft 36 and the aperture plate baffle 24to reduce friction therebetween, yet stabilize and support the spinningshaft 36. Teflon is not preferred as it could fray and contaminate thefluid.

Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 12A, the system 10 may becontrolled by a direct drive motor 32 a that is directly coupled to oneend of the shaft 36. The direct drive motor 32 a allows for the use ofhigh speed electric motors or gas turbine direct drive. By using adirect drive motor 32 a one can avoid the step down in power and forceassociated with the resistance inherent in transmission gearing. Forexample, in a typical geared drive system a motor at 200 HP and 300ft-lb could produce rotor parameters of 60 HP and 90 ft-lb aftergearing. In contrast, a direct drive motor would only need to provide 60HP and 90 ft-lb to achieve the same parameters at the rotor—no step downis experienced because the gearing in the transmission is eliminated.

Although the inventive system 10 with a geared drive transmission may beprepared as fixed installation or a mobile installation, as on atrailer, the elimination of the transmission in a direct drive systemfacilitates the mobile aspect of the system 10. A smaller, more compactdirect drive system 10 fits more easily on a trailer that is more easilymobile and transported from site to site.

As can be seen from the drawings, the water processing vessel 12 isoriented generally horizontally. This is in contrast to the Wallace '026device wherein the water processing chamber was oriented generallyvertically, and the top of the rotating shaft was secured by a bearingand a bearing cap, which supported the chamber itself. As a result, therotating shaft sections were only solidly anchored to the base of theunit. At high rotational operating speeds, vibrations within the systemcause excessive bearing, shaft and seal failure. In contrast,horizontally mounting the water processing vessel 12 to a framestructure 42 distributes the rotational load along the length of thevessel 12 and reduces vibrations, such as harmonic vibrations, thatcould otherwise cause excessive bearing, shaft and seal failures.Moreover, mounting the vessel 12 to the frame structure 42 enhances theportability of the system 10, as will be more fully described herein.Supporting the very rapidly rotating shaft 36 through each baffle 24further stabilizes the shaft and system and reduces vibrations anddamage caused thereby.

As mentioned above, the shaft 36, and trays 22 are rotated at a veryhigh speed, such as Mach 2, although slower speeds such as Mach 1.7 haveproven effective. This moves the water through the scoops 26 of thetrays 22, which swirls and heats the water such that a water vapor isformed, and the contaminants, salts, and other dissolved solids are leftbehind and fall out of the water vapor. Most of the intake water isvaporized by 1) vacuum distillation and 2) cavitation created uponimpact with the first rotating tray 22, the centrifugal and axial flowcompression causes the temperatures and pressures to increase as thereis a direct correlation between shaft RPM and temperature/pressureincreases or decreases. The water and water vapor is then passed throughthe apertures 28 of the baffles 24 before being processed again throughthe next rotating tray 22 with scoops 26. The configurations of thetrays 22 and baffles 24 are designed to minimize or eliminate drag andfriction in the rotation of the shaft 36 by providing sufficientclearance at the perimeter of the trays 22 and through the centralopening 59 of the baffles 24. At the same time leakage around theperimeter of the trays 22 and through the central opening 59 of thebaffles 24 is to be minimized so as to increase efficiency.

As the water and water vapor passes through each subchamber of thevessel 12, the temperature of the water vapor is increased such thatadditional water vapor is created and leaves the salts, dissolvedsolids, and other contaminants behind in the remaining water. Thecentrifugal forces on the water and contaminants force it to the wall ofthe inner chamber 14 and into a set of channels 44 which direct thecontaminants and non-vaporized water to an outlet 46. The water vaporwhich is generated passes through a water vapor outlet 48 formed in thevessel 12. Thus, the water vapor and the contaminants and remainingwater are separated from one another. It is important to note that thesystem 10 produces water vapor—not steam. The water vapor is createdthrough a combination of decreased pressure and increased temperature.The system 10 maintains the temperature of the water vapor attemperatures equal to or less than that of steam, thus avoiding thelatent heat of vaporization and the additional energy necessary toconvert liquid water to steam. Because of this, the energy required toreturn the water vapor to liquid water is correspondingly lower.

As mentioned above, the trays 22 are rotated by the shaft 36. The shaft36 is supported within the interior of the water processing vessel 12 bya plurality of bearings, as mentioned above. The bearings are typicallynon-friction bearings lubricated with synthetic oil, steel, or ceramic.Prior art desalinization systems incorporate standard roller bearingswhich would fail under high rotational speeds and high temperatures.Thus, desalinization systems known in the prior art had high failurerates associated with standard roller bearings. In the presentinvention, the lubricated non-friction bearings, sealed steel ballbearings, or ceramic bearings 38 and 40 are more durable than standardroller bearings and fail less often under high rotational speeds andtemperatures. The bearings 38, 40 may include internal lubrication tubesto allow for lubricant flow therethrough to minimize wear and tear fromoperation. The bearings 38, 40 also include vibrational sensors (asdescribed below) to monitor and minimize the amount of vibrationoccurring during operation. Moreover, the shaft 36 may be intermittentlysupported by the low friction materials, such as Teflon sleeves orbearings 50 disposed between the baffle plate 24 and the shaft 36. Thisfurther ensures even distribution of weight and forces on the shaft 36and improves the operation and longevity of the system.

With particular reference now to FIGS. 5 and 6 , an exemplary tray 22 isshown, having a plurality of scoops 26 formed therethrough. Althoughfourteen scoops 26 are illustrated in FIG. 5 , it will be appreciatedthat the number may vary and can be several dozen in a single tray 22,thus the dotted line represents multiple scoops of a variety of numbers.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the tray 22 and the scoop 26 formedtherein. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the scoops 26 aretapered such that a diameter of an inlet 52 thereof is greater than thediameter of an outlet 54 thereof. The tapered scoop 26 is essentially aVenturi tube that has the vertical opening or inlet 52 substantiallyperpendicular to the horizontal surface of the rotating tray base 22.Liquid and vapor accelerates through the tapered scoop 26 because thetapered scoop has a larger volume at the entrance 52 thereof and asmaller volume at the exit or outlet 54 thereof. The change in volumefrom the inlet to the outlet of the tapered scoop 26 causes an increasein velocity due to the Venturi effect. As a result, the liquid water andwater vapor is further accelerated and agitated, resulting in increasesin temperature and pressure. This further enables separation of thecontaminants from within the water vapor. The tapered scoop 26 may beattached to the rotating tray 22 by any means known in the art.

Once again, it will be appreciated that there will be more or lesstapered scoops 26 distributed in the entire area of the rotating tray22, the particular number and size of the scoops 26 will vary dependingupon the operating conditions of the system 10 of the present invention.Moreover, the angle of the scoop 26, illustrated as approximatelyforty-five degrees in FIG. 6 , can be varied from tray to tray 22. Thatis, by increasing the angle of the spinning scoop, such as bytwenty-five degrees to thirty-one degrees to thirty-six degrees on thesubsequent tray, to forty degrees, forty-five degrees on a next tray,etc. the increase in angle of the scoop 26 of the spinning tray 22accommodates increases in pressure of the water vapor which builds up asthe water vapor passes through the vessel 12. The increase in angle canalso be used to further agitate and create water vapor, and increase thepressure of the water vapor, which may be used in a steam turbine, aswill be more fully described herein.

With reference now to FIGS. 7 and 9 , a baffle 24, in the form of anapertured plate, is shown in FIG. 7 . In this case, the baffle 24 isformed as a first plate member 56 and a second plate member 58 which areconnected by connectors 60 to the inner wall of the vessel 12. Theconnectors 60 can comprise bolts, dowels, rods, or any other connectingmeans which is adequate. Alternatively, as described above, the baffle24 can be formed as a single unit connected to either the upper or thelower vessel shell 12 a and 12 b. When formed as dual plate members 56and 58, preferably the plate members 56 and 58 inter-engage with oneanother when the vessel 12 is closed so as to effectively form a singlebaffle 24.

As described above, a plurality of apertures 28 are formed through thebaffle plate 24. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of one such aperture28. Similar to the tray described above, the aperture preferablyincludes an inlet 62 having a diameter which is greater than an outlet64 thereof, such that the aperture 28 is tapered which will increase thepressure and velocity of the water and water vapor which passestherethrough, further increasing the temperature and creating additionalvapor from the water. Similar to the tray 22 described above, apertures28 may be formed in the entire baffle plate, as represented by theseries of dashed lines. The particular number and size of the apertures28 may vary depending upon the operating conditions of the system 10.

With reference now to FIG. 8 , the shaft 36 is illustrated extendingthrough the rotating tray 22. In one embodiment, a cone-shaped waterdirector 66 is positioned in front of the tray 22. For example, thedirector 66 may have a forty-five degree angle to deflect the remainingwater and vapor passing through the central opening 59 of the baffle 24from the shaft 36 and towards the periphery or outer edge of the tray 22for improved vaporization and higher percentage recovery of potablewater.

Referring again to FIGS. 3 and 4 , as mentioned above, in a particularlypreferred embodiment the vessel 12 may be formed into two shells orsections 12 a and 12 b. This enables rapid inspection and replacement ofvessel components, as necessary. Preferably, the wall of the innerchamber 14 and any other components such as the trays 22, baffle plates24, shaft 36, etc. are treated with Melonite, or other friction reducingand corrosion resistant substance. Of course, these components can becomprised of materials which are corrosion resistant and have a lowfriction coefficient, such as polished stainless steel or the like. Thelower and upper sections 12 a and 12 b of the vessel 12 are preferablyinterconnected such that when closed they are substantially air andwater tight. Moreover, the closed vessel 12 needs to be able towithstand high temperatures and pressures due to the water vaporizationtherein during operation of the system 10.

With reference now to FIGS. 1, 2 and 10 , typically a transmission 34interconnects the electric motor 32 and the drive shaft 36. The motor 32may be a combustion engine (gasoline, diesel, natural gas, etc.),electric motor, gas turbine, or other known means for providing drive.The speed of the transmission 34 is set by the variable frequency drive30. The illustrations in FIGS. 1, 2 and 10 are only schematic and notrepresentative of the relative sizes of the variable frequency drive 30,the motor 32 m and the transmission 34. The variable frequency drive 30is primarily regulated by a computerized controller 68, as will be morefully described herein. The shaft 36 may be belt or gear driven. Asdescribed below, the motor 32 may also be directly connected to theshaft 36. With particular reference to FIG. 10 , the shaft 70 of themotor is connected to an intermediate shaft 72 by a belt 74. Theintermediate shaft 72 is connected to the shaft by another belt 76. Thehigh-speed industrial belt and pulley system shown in FIG. 10 drives theshaft 36 inside the water processing vessel 12. As shown, a plurality ofbelts 74 and 76 and a set of intermediate shafts 72 increase therotational output speed at the shaft 36 by a multiple of the rotationalinput speed applied by the electric motor 32 on the electric motordriveshaft 70. Of course, the ratio of rotational input speed torotational output speed can be changed by changing the relativerotational velocities of the belts 74 and 76 and correspondingintermediate shafts 72. By coupling the electric motor driveshaft 70 tothe shaft 36 via belts 74 and 76 and intermediate shaft 72, and adding aSchmitt coupler on the shaft 36 between the transmission 34 and thechamber 12, the present invention is able to avoid the vibrational andreliability problems that plague other prior art desalinization systems.

With reference again to FIG. 1 , as mentioned above, the water vapor isdirected through a water vapor outlet 48 of the vessel 12. The watervapor travels through a recovery tube 78 to a vapor recovery containeror tank 80. The water vapor then condenses and coalesces into liquidwater within the vapor recovery tank 80. To facilitate this, in oneembodiment, a plurality of spaced apart members 82, such as in the formof louvers, are positioned in the flow pathway of the water vapor suchthat the water vapor can coalesce and condense on the louvers and becomeliquid water. The liquid water is then moved to a potable water storagetank 84 or a pasteurizing and holding tank 86. If the water and watervapor in the vessel 12 is heated to the necessary temperature forpasteurization, so as to kill harmful microorganisms, zebra mussellarvae, and other harmful organisms, the liquid water may be held inholding tank 86.

With reference now to FIGS. 15-27 , another preferred embodiment of thesystem 10 and water processing vessel 12 is shown. FIG. 15 illustratesthe overall system 10 including the alternate single piece constructionof the vessel 12. In this embodiment, the vessel 12 has a constructionsimilar to the previously described embodiment, including elements suchas the inner chamber 14, the inlet valve 18, the trays 22 having scoops26, the baffles 24 having apertures 28, the brine outlet 46, and thevapor outlet 48. The inlet valve 18 comprises multiple inlets,preferably at least two, to the vessel 12. These inlets 18 are disposedon the end of the vessel around the shaft 36 so as to more evenlydistribute the fluid across the inner chamber 14. The inlets 18preferably enter the vessel 12 in-line with the shaft 36 so as to avoida steep, especially a right angle, of entry into the inner chamber 14relative to the direction of movement through the vessel 12. Thecontaminant outlet 46 is preferably oversized so as to not restrict theflow of concentrated fluid out of the system 10. The recirculatingfeature described below can address any excessive allowance of liquidthat may be permitted to exit the system 10 through the oversizedcontaminant outlet 46. A shaft 36 supported by ceramic bearings 38, 40passes through the center of the trays 22 and baffles 24.

The trays 22 are affixed to the shaft 36 and extend outward toward thewall of the inner chamber 14 as described above. The baffles 24preferably comprise a single piece extending from the walls of the innerchamber 14 toward the shaft 36 with a central opening 59 forming a gapbetween the baffles 24 and the shaft 36 as described above. The baffles24 are preferably fixed to the walls of the inner chamber by screws ordowels 60 also as described above. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the vessel 12 includes six trays 22 and five baffles 24alternatingly dispersed through the inner chamber 14.

In this alternate embodiment, the inner chamber 14 includes an internalsleeve 45 disposed proximate to the brine outlet 46. The internal sleeve45 has an annular shape with a diameter slightly less than the diameterof the inner chamber 14. The internal sleeve 45 extends from a pointdownstream of the last tray 22 to another point immediately downstreamof the brine outlet 46. An annular passageway 47 is created between theinternal sleeve 45 and the outer wall of the inner chamber 14. In atypical construction, the internal sleeve 45 is about six inches longand the annular passageway 47 is about 1-1½ inches wide. This annularpassageway or channel 47 captures the brine or contaminate material thatis spun out from the rotating trays 22 to the outer wall of the chamber14 as described above. This annular passageway 47 facilitates movementof the brine or contaminate material to the outlet 46 and minimizes thechances of contamination of the vapor discharge or buildup of materialwithin the chamber 14.

FIG. 16 illustrates a close-up of the trays 22 and baffles 24. One canclearly see how the baffles 24 extend from the wall of the vessel 12through the chamber 14 and end proximate to the shaft 36. One can alsosee how the trays 22 are affixed to the shaft 36 and have scoops 26disposed therethrough as described. A cone 66 is preferably disposed oneach tray 22 so as to deflect any fluid flowing along the shaft asdescribed above (FIG. 8 ). FIG. 17 illustrates an external view of thevessel 12 indicating the inlets 18, the outlets 46, 48 and the shaft 36.Ordinarily, the ends of the vessel 12 would be enclosed and sealedagainst leaks. They are depicted open here for clarification and ease ofillustration. FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-section of the vessel 12 shownin FIG. 17 , further illustrating the internal components, including thetrays 22, baffles 24, internal sleeve 45 and annular passageway 47. FIG.19 illustrates the shaft 36 with trays 22 and baffles 24 apart from thevessel 12. FIGS. 30, 31, and 32 illustrate an alternate embodiment ofthe trays 22 and baffles 24 along the shaft 36. In this alternateembodiment, the trays 22 and baffles 24 are of an increased diameterwith an increased number of rows—preferably 3 to 4 rows—and acorresponding increase in the number of scoops and apertures therein.These increases allow for a larger volume of fluid to be processed perunit of time. Of course, the vessel 12 will have a correspondingincrease in its diameter to accommodate the larger trays 22 and baffles24. This increased diameter creates a situation where the outermostedges of the rotating trays 22 have a significantly greater rotationalvelocity compared to the trays 22 of smaller diameter.

FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate the tray 22 and baffle 24, respectively.FIGS. 22, 23 and 26 illustrate various views and cross-sections of thetray 22 in FIG. 20 . FIGS. 24 and 27 similarly illustrate various viewsand cross-sections of the baffle 24 in FIG. 21 . As discussed, the tray22 includes scoops 26 which pass through the body of the tray 22. Thescoops 26 include a scoop inlet 52 and a scoop outlet 54 configured asdescribed above. The scoop inlet 52 is preferably oriented such that theopening faces into the direction of rotation about the shaft. Thismaximizes the amount of fluid that enters the scoop inlet 52 and passesthrough the plurality of scoops. The angle of the scoops 26 onsuccessive trays 22 may be adjusted as described above. The baffle 24also includes a plurality of apertures 28 configured and profiled (FIG.9 ) as described above. FIG. 25 illustrates the shaft 36 and a pairingof a tray 22 with a baffle 24. The arrows indicate the direction ofrotation of the shaft and accordingly the tray 22 in this particularfigure. The scoops 26 with the scoop inlet 52 are illustrated as facingin the direction of the rotation, i.e., out of the page, in the top halfof the figure. In the bottom half of the figure, the scoop 26 with scoopinlet 52 is also illustrated as being oriented in the direction ofrotation, i.e., into the page, as the tray 22 rotates with the shaft 36.The direction of rotation may be either clockwise or counter-clockwise.The direction of rotation can be changed without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention. As described in the previousembodiment, the scoop inlet 52 has a larger diameter than the scoopoutlet 54 so as to increase the flow rate and decrease the fluidpressure.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, when the main goal of the system10 is to remove contaminants from the contaminated water, such as saltwater, so as to have potable water, the temperature of the water vaporis heated to between one hundred degrees Fahrenheit and less than twohundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit. Even more preferably, the water vaporis heated to between one hundred forty degrees Fahrenheit and onehundred seventy degrees Fahrenheit for pasteurization purposes. However,the water vapor temperature is kept to a minimum and almost always lessthan two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit such that the water does notboil and become steam, which is more difficult to condense and coalescefrom water vapor to liquid water. Increased RPMs result in increasedtemperatures and pressures. The RPMs can be adjusted to achieve thedesired temperatures.

The water is boiled and the water vapor temperature is brought to abovetwo hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit preferably only in instances wheresteam generation is desirable for heating, electricity generating, andother purposes as will be more fully described herein. This enables thepresent invention to both pasteurize the water vapor and condense andcoalesce the water vapor into liquid water without complex refrigerationor condensing systems, which often require additional electricity andenergy.

In one embodiment, the contaminated water, referred to as brine indesalinization processes, is collected at outlet 46 and moved to a brinedisposal tank 88. As shown in FIG. 1 , polymers or other chemistry 90may be added to the brine to recover trace elements, etc. Moreover, thesalt from the brine may be processed and used for various purposes,including generating table salt, agricultural brine and/or fertilizer.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the treated contaminatedwater is reprocessed by recycling the contaminants and remaining waterthrough the system again. This may be done multiple times such that theamount of potable water extracted from the contaminated water increases,up to as much as ninety-nine percent. This may be done by directing thecontaminants and waste water from the outlet 46 to a first brine, orcontaminant, reprocessing tank 92. The remaining waste water, in theform of brine or other contaminants, is then reintroduced through inlet18 of the vessel 12 and reprocessed and recirculated through the vessel12, as described above. Additional potable water will be extracted inthe form of water vapor for condensing and collection in the vaporrecovery tank 80. The remaining contaminants and wastewater are thendirected to a second brine or contaminant reprocessing tank 94. Theconcentration of contaminants or brine will be much higher in thereprocessing tank 92. Once a sufficient level of wastewater or brine hasbeen accumulated in the reprocessing tank 92, this contaminated water isthen passed through the inlet 18 and circulated and processed throughthe system 10, as described above. Extracted potable water vapor isremoved at outlet 48 and turned into liquid water in the vapor recoverytank 80, as described above. The resulting contaminants and wastewatercan then be placed into yet another reprocessing tank, or into the brinedisposal tank 88. It is anticipated that an initial pass-through ofseawater will yield, for example, eighty percent to ninety percentpotable water. The first reprocessing will yield an additional amount ofpotable water, such that the total extracted potable water is betweenninety percent and ninety-five percent. Passing the brine and remainingwater through the system again can yield up to ninety-nine percentrecovery of potable water, by recycling the brine at little to noincrease in unit cost. Moreover, this reduces the volume of the brine orcontaminants, which can facilitate trace element recovery and/or reducethe disposal costs thereof.

With reference now to FIG. 11 , in a particularly preferred embodiment,a computer system is integrated into the system 10 of the presentinvention which regulates the variable frequency drive 30 based onmeasurements taken from a plurality of sensors that continually readtemperature, pressure, flow rate, rotational rates of components andremaining capacity of a variety of tanks connected to the waterprocessing vessel 12. Typically, these readings are taken in real-time.

For example, temperature and/or pressure sensors 96 may be employed tomeasure the temperature of the water or water vapor within or exitingthe vessel 12, as well as the pressure thereof as needed. In response tothese sensor readings, the control box 68 will cause the variablefrequency drive 30 to maintain the rotational speed of shaft 36,decrease the rotational speed of the shaft 36, or increase therotational speed of the shaft 36 to either maintain the temperature andpressure, reduce the temperature and pressure, or increase the pressureand temperature, respectively, of the water and water vapor. This may bedone, for example, to ensure that the water vapor temperature is at thenecessary pasteurization temperature so as to kill all harmfulmicroorganisms and other organisms therein. Alternatively, or inaddition to, a sensor may be used to detect the rotational speed (RPMS)of the shaft 36 and/or trays 22 to ensure that the system is operatingcorrectly and that the system is generating the necessary water vapor ata desired temperature and/or pressure. The computerized controller mayalso adjust the amount of water input through inlet 18 (GPMS) so thatthe proper amount of water is input as to the amount of water vapor andwastewater which is removed so that the system 10 operates efficiently.The control box 68 may adjust the flow rate of water into the vessel 12,or even adjust the water input.

FIG. 28 illustrates schematically a computer display 112 or similarconfiguration. This computer display schematically illustrates thevessel 12 with the various inlets and outlets 18, 46, 48, as well as theshaft 36 and the plurality of trays 22. The shaft 36 has multiplevibration and temperature sensors 114 disposed along its length. Thebearings 38, 40 also include vibration and temperature sensors 114. Thevibration and temperature sensors 114 are configured to detecthorizontal and vertical vibrations at each point, as well as, thetemperature of the shaft 36 generated by the friction of rotation. Thebearings 38, 40 include oil supply 116 a and return 116 b lines toprovide lubrication thereof. The inlets 18 and brine outlet 46 includeflow meters 118 to detect the corresponding flow rates. Temperature andpressure sensors 96 are disposed throughout the vessel 12. Thetemperature and pressure sensors 96 are also disposed throughout thevessel 12 to take measurements at various predetermined points.

As indicated above, the contaminated water may come from a feed tank 16,or can be from any other number of tanks, including reprocessing tanks92 and 94. It is also contemplated that the collected water storage tankcould be fluidly coupled to the inlet 18 so as to ensure that the wateris purified to a certain level or for other purposes, such as whengenerating steam which requires a higher purity of water than thecontaminated water may provide. As such, one or more sensors 98 maytrack the data within the tanks to determine water or wastewater/brinelevels, concentrations, or flow rates into the tanks or out of thetanks. The controller 68 may be used to switch the input and output ofthe tanks, such as when the brine is being reprocessed from a firstbrine reprocessing tank 92 to the second brine reprocessing tank 94, andeventually to the brine disposal tank 88, as described above. Thus, whenthe first brine reprocessing tank reaches a predetermined level, fluidflow from the feed tank 16 is shut off, and instead fluid is providedfrom the first brine reprocessing tank 92 into the vessel 12. Thetreated contaminants and remaining wastewater are then directed into thesecond brine reprocessing tank 94, until it reaches a predeterminedlevel. Then the water is directed from the second brine reprocessingtank 94 through the system and water processing vessel 12 to, forexample, the brine disposal tank 88. Brine water in the firstreprocessing tank 92 may be approximately twenty percent of thecontaminated water, including most of the total dissolved solids. Theresidual brine which is finally directed to the brine disposal tank 88may only comprise one percent of the contaminated water initiallyintroduced into the decontamination system 10 via the feed tank 16.Thus, the temperature and pressure sensors, RPM and flow meters can beused to control the desired water output including water vaportemperature controls that result in pasteurized water.

The controller 68 can be used to direct the variable frequency drive 30to power the motor 32 such that the shaft 36 is rotated at asufficiently high velocity that the rotation of the trays boils theinput water and creates steam of a desired temperature and pressure, asillustrated in FIG. 12 . FIG. 12 illustrates a steam turbine 100integrated into the system 10. The steam turbine 100 may also be usedwith the vessel depicted in FIGS. 15-27 . Water vapor in the form ofsteam could be generated in the water processing vessel 12 to drive ahigh pressure, low temperature steam turbine by feeding the vapor outlet48 into an inlet on the turbine 100. The turbine 100 is in turn coupledto an electric generator 102, for cost-effective and economicalgeneration of electricity. As shown in FIG. 12A, the steam turbine 100may be eliminated with the shaft 36 of the vessel 12 extended to turnthe generator 102 directly or indirectly. In this case, the later stagesof the trays and baffles inside the vessel 12 act as a steam turbine dueto the presence of the water vapor which aids the rotation of the shaft.

In the case of a steam turbine, the water vapor can be heated to inexcess of six hundred degrees Fahrenheit and pressurized in excess ofsixteen hundred pounds per square inch (psi), which is adequate to drivethe steam turbine 100. Aside from the increased velocity of the trays,the incorporation of the tapered nature of the scoops 26 of the trays22, and the tapered nature of the apertures 28 of the aperture platebaffles 24 also facilitate the generation of water vapor and steam.Increasing the angles of the scoops 26, such as from twenty-five degreesat a first tray to forty-five degrees at a last tray, also increaseswater vapor generation in the form of steam and increases the pressurethereof so as to be able to drive the steam turbine 100. FIGS. 13 and 14illustrate an embodiment wherein a steam outlet 104 is formed at an endof the vessel 12 and the steam turbine 100 is directly connected theretosuch that the pressurized steam passes through the turbine 100 so as torotate the blades 106 and shaft 108 thereof so as to generateelectricity via the electric generator coupled thereto. A water vaporoutlet 110 conveys the water vapor to a vapor recovery container 80 orthe like. The recovery tank 80 may need to include additional piping,condensers, refrigeration, etc. so as to cool the steam or hightemperature water vapor so as to condense it into liquid water.

Of course, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that thesteam generated by the system 10 can be used for other purposes, such asheating purposes, removal of oil from oil wells and tar and shale pitsand the like, etc.

It will also be appreciated that the present invention, by means of thesensors and controller 68 can generate water vapor of a lowertemperature and/or pressure for potable water production, which watervapor is directed through outlet 48 directly into a vapor recoverycontainer, and the system sped up to create high temperature water vaporor steam for passage through the steam turbine 100 to generateelectricity as needed. For example, during the nighttime hours, thesystem 10 may be used to generate potable water when very littleelectricity is needed. However, during the daylight hours, the system 10can be adjusted to generate steam and electricity.

As described above, many of the components of the present invention,including the variable frequency drive 30, electric motor 32,transmission 34, and water processing vessel 12 and the componentstherein can be attached to a framework 42 which is portable. The entiresystem 10 of the present invention can be designed to fit into a fortyfoot long ISO container. This container can be insulated with arefrigeration (HVAC) unit for controlled operating environment andshipping and storage. The various tanks, including the feed tank, vaporrecovery tank, portable water storage tank, and contaminant/brinereprocessing or disposal tanks can either be fit into the transportablecontainer, or transported separately and connected to the inlet andoutlet ports as needed. Thus, the entire system 10 of the presentinvention can be easily transported in an ISO container, or the like,via ship, semi-tractor trailer, or the like. Thus, the system 10 of thepresent invention can be taken to where needed to address naturaldisasters, military operations, etc., even at remote locations. Such anarrangement results in a high level of mobility and rapid deployment andstartup of the system 10 of the present invention.

FIG. 29 schematically illustrates the processes occurring at variouspoints, i.e., sub-chambers, throughout the vessel 12. The inner chamber14 of the vessel 12 is effectively divided into a series of sub-chambersas illustrated. The vessel 12 contains five sub-chambers that performthe functions of an axial flow pump, an axial flow compressor, acentrifugal flow compressor, an unlighted gas turbine and/or ahydraulic/water turbine. In operation, the system 10 has the capabilityto vaporize the water through a mechanical process, thereby enablingefficient and effective desalination, decontamination and vaporizationof a variety of impaired fluids. Before entering the vessel 12, thefluid may be subject to a pretreatment step 120 wherein the fluid ispassed through filters and various other processes to separatecontaminants that are more easily removed or that may damage or degradethe integrity of the system 10. Upon passing through the inlets 18, thefluid enters an intake chamber 122 which has an effect on the fluidsimilar to an axial flow pump once the system 10 reaches its operatingrotation speed. An external initiating pump (not shown) may be shut offsuch that the system 10 draws the contaminated water through the inlet,i.e., the intake chamber functions as an axial flow pump, without thecontinued operation of the initiating pump. A significant reduction inintake chamber pressure causes vacuum distillation or vaporization tooccur at temperatures below 212° F. Following the intake chamber 122,the fluid encounters the first tray 22 where it enters the firstprocessing chamber 124. This first processing chamber acts as both acentrifugal flow compressor and as an axial flow compressor through thecombined action of the rotating tray 22 and the adjacent baffle 24. Ahigh percentage of the intake water is vaporized through cavitation uponimpact with the high speed rotating tray 22 in the first processingchamber 124. A centrifugal flow compression process occurs within thefirst processing chamber 124 and each subsequent processing chamber. Thecentrifugal flow compression process casts the non-vaporized dissolvedsolids and at least some of the liquid water to the outer wall of theprocessing chamber 124. This action separates the dissolved solids andmost of the remaining liquid from the vapor. An axial flow compressionprocess also occurs within the first processing chamber 124 and eachsubsequent chamber. This axial flow compression process compresses thevapor and liquid which also increases the pressure and temperaturewithin the processing chamber. The second processing chamber 126 and thethird processing chamber 128 both function similarly by compounding theaction of the centrifugal flow compressor and axial flow compressorfeatures of the first processing chamber 124.

By the time the fluid reaches the fourth processing chamber 130 it hasbeen subjected to centrifugal flow and axial flow compression processessuch that the nature of the fluid and its flow through the vessel 12 haschanged. In the fourth processing chamber the fluid behaves as if it ispassing through an unlighted gas turbine or an hydraulic/water turbineby causing rotation of the shaft 36. The fifth processing chamber 132compounds this unlighted gas turbine or hydraulic/water turbine process.The turbine processes of the fourth and fifth processing chambers 130,132 supply a measure of force to drive rotation of the shaft 36 suchthat power on the motor 32 may be throttled back without a loss offunctionality in the system 10. After exiting the fifth processingchamber 132 the fluid has been separated to a high degree such thatnearly all of the contaminants in the form of brine pass through theannular passageway 47 to the outlet 46 and the purified vapor passesthrough the central portion of the inner chamber 14 to the vapor outlet48. The turbine operations of the fourth and fifth processing chambers130, 132 allow for continued operation of the system 10 with a reducedenergy input (by as much as 25%) as compared to a startup phase once anequilibrium in the operation is reached.

After the fifth processing chamber 132, the system includes a dischargechamber. The discharge chamber 134, which is larger than any of thepreceding processing chambers, contains the two discharge outlets 46,48. The large increase in volume results in a dramatic reduction inpressure and a physical separation of the dissolved solids and theremaining water from the vapor.

The dimensions of the vessel 12 are preferably configured such that thecombined processing chambers, 124-132 occupy about one-half of the totallength. The discharge chamber 134 occupies about one-third of the totallength. The remainder of the length of the vessel, about one-sixth ofthe total length, is occupied by the intake chamber 122. The processingchambers 124-132 are divided into approximately three-fifths compressorfunctionality and two-fifths turbine functionality. Once the fluid exitsthe last processing chamber 132, it has achieved about eighty percentvaporization as it enters the discharge chamber 134 and is directed tothe respective outlets 46, 48.

FIGS. 33 and 34 illustrate an embodiment of the system 10 that includesa system to capture water from a body of water 150. In this embodiment,the body of water 150 is preferably a sea or ocean containing saltwater, but could be any body of water. The capture system 152 includes acapture vessel 154 that is disposed in the body of water 150 such thatan open top or sides 156 of the vessel 154 are at least partially abovea median water level for the body of water 150. The system 10 mayfunction with an open top 156 on the vessel 154 as shown in FIG. 33 ,but the vessel preferably has open sides 156 facing the seaward andlandward sides of the vessel 154 to take advantage of both the incomingand receding waves/tide. For this system to work, the water level of thebody of water 150 must vary sufficiently to allow a portion of the bodyof water to enter the open sides 156 but not completely submerge thevessel 154. Ideally, this would occur with the rise and fall of a tidein a sea or ocean, as well as, waves that may occur in such a body ofwater. The distance that the open sides 156 of the vessel 154 extendabove the median water level depends upon the variability in the waterlevel for a particular body of water 150. The open sides 156 arepreferably covered by a filter screen 158 to reduce the occurrence ofliving organisms and other large objects in the body of water 150 fromentering the vessel 154. The open sides 156 preferably also includepivoting louvers 157 disposed over the screens 158 that can be opened orclosed so as to control the amount of water and/or sand entering thevessel 154.

Inside the vessel 154 is a capture funnel 160 or similar structureconfigured to direct most of the water that enters the vessel 154 into afeed pipe 162. The capture funnel 160 is preferably positioned below themedian water level for the body of water. Although the vessel 154 andcapture funnel 160 are illustrated as generally square shaped, they maybe configured in other forms. It has been found that the square shape,with a corner thereof oriented into the a wave or tide that ispreferably present in the body of water 150 facilitates the rise of thewave or tide over the vessel 154 such that water enters the open sides156. The vessel 154 may also be configured whereby the open sides 156angled other than vertical on a side that faces the incoming waves ortides so as to facilitate entry of water thought the open side 156. Theopen sides 156 are preferably disposed with most of their surface areaabove the median water level so that there is less likelihood of sand orother sediment being in the higher portion of the wave or tide when itreaches the open side 156.

The feed pipe 162 preferably passes to the shore and into a storagevessel 164. The system 10 may include multiple storage vessels 164 toaccommodate and store a sufficient quantity of captured seawater. Thefeed pipe 162 may be underground as it passes to shore, but realizingthat any changes in elevation to an above ground facility would requireappropriate piping and pumps. The storage vessel 164 may be located nearthe body of water 150 or located some distance from the body of water150 depending upon the need of the user. Once a sufficient quantity ofwater is stored in the vessel 164, a pump 166 attached to an outlet 168on the vessel 164 directs the stored water through an inlet pipe 170 tothe inlet 18 on the processing system 10. The inlet pipe 170 preferablyincludes a filtration system 172 to remove and large sediment orparticles that may have made it through the storage vessel 164 and pump166. The system 10 can then be used to desalinate the water as describedelsewhere.

FIG. 35 illustrates another embodiment of the inventive system 10,wherein the system 10 is used to generate electricity from the watervapor produced from the vapor outlet 48 as described elsewhere. In thisembodiment, the system 10 further includes a condenser 174 disposed afirst distance 176 above the vessel 12. A vapor pipe 178 directs thewater vapor from the vapor outlet 48 to the condenser 174. Since thewater vapor is lighter than air and rises under its own power, nomechanical means are necessary to raise the water vapor through thefirst distance 176 to the condenser 174. Preferably, the vapor pipe 178has a generally vertical section 178 a that extends at least the firstdistance 176, if not slightly more than the first distance 176. Agenerally horizontal section 178 b of the vapor pipe 178 extends fromthe end of this vertical section 178 a to an inlet 180 on the condenser174. This generally horizontal section 178 b may have a slight declinefrom the end of the vertical section 178 a to the inlet 180 on thecondenser 174. This allows for the possibility that any incidentalcondensing that occurs in the vapor pipe 178 runs down the slope of thegenerally horizontal section 178 b into the condenser 174. The vaporpipe 178 and all sections thereof is preferably insulated to prevent thepremature loss of heat and minimize the occurrence of condensationduring the rise to the condenser.

Although FIG. 35A illustrate the condenser 174 in a particular generallydiamond-shape, the condenser 174 may be constructed in other shapes asknown by those skilled in the art of processing vapor or steam. Thepurpose of the condenser is to fully condense vapor that is produced bythe system 10. The preferably includes sufficient structures inside asare known to those skilled in the art to facilitate condensation of thevapor. As the vapor condenses, it flows through an outlet 182 on thecondenser 174 and into a condensate holding tank 184.

The holding tank 184 is preferably disposed a second distance 186 abovea hydro-electric generator 188. Once a sufficient quantity of condensedprocessed fluid is stored in the holding tank 184, the condensedprocessed fluid is released from an outlet 190 on the holding tank 184.The condensed processed fluid falls under the force of gravity acrossthe second distance 186 into the hydro-electric generator 188. Thehydro-electric generator 188 converts the kinetic energy of the fallingcondensed processed fluid into electrical energy for storage orimmediate use. The electrical energy may be stored in a rechargeablechemical battery, a capacitor, or similar known means of electricalstorage 192. The condensed processes fluid that falls into thehydroelectric generator 188 is released through a generator outlet 189to be used for subsequent processing (not shown), as would typically bedone with such treated water.

Although the first distance 176 and the second distance 186 are depictedin FIG. 35 as apparently “stacking” one on top of the other, that is nota requirement of these distances. The only requirement on either ofthese distances is that the second distance 186 be sufficiently abovethe hydro-electric generator 188 so as to allow for the efficientconversion of kinetic energy of the falling processed fluid intoelectrical energy. Preferably, this second distance 186 is at least tenfeet, but may be twenty feet or more, depending upon the quantity ofcondensed processed fluid and the capabilities of the hydro-electricgenerator. The first distance 176 needs to be of sufficient distance toplace the condenser 174 and holding tank 184 above the second distance186. Necessarily, the first distance 176 depends upon the sizes of thecondenser 174, the holding tank 184, and the second distance 186.

FIG. 36 illustrates another embodiment of the inventive system 10,wherein the brine outlet 46 and vapor outlet 48 are both used forfurther processing. Specifically, a brine reprocessing tank 194 receivesthe brine from the brine outlet 46 through a reprocessing inlet 196. Thebrine reprocessing tank 194 also includes a reprocessing outlet 198 anda recirculating outlet 200. A first portion of the brine in the brinereprocessing tank 194 is passed to the recirculating outlet 200 where itis directed by a recirculating pipe 202 back to the inlet 18 of thesystem 10 for re-processing. In this way, the brine is reprocessed torecover additional water vapor from the processing fluid.

A second portion of the brine in the brine reprocessing tank 194 ispassed to the reprocessing outlet 198 for storage in a brine holdingtank 204. This reprocessing outlet 198 may include a valve 206 forrestricting or completely closing off the flow of the second portion ofthe brine to the brine holding tank 204. The brine holding tank 204 isconnected to a brine drying system 208 which includes a heat exchanger210 with circulating heat pipes 212. The circulating heat pipes 212 passback and forth as is typical of heat exchangers 210. Being part of theinventive system 10, the heat exchanger 210 receives its heat sourcefrom the water vapor from the vapor outlet 48. Specifically, a vapordiverting pipe 214 extracts a portion of the water vapor from vapor out48 and communicates to the circulating heat pipes 212 of the heatexchanger 210. The stored brine from the brine holding tank 204 passesover the heat exchanger 210 and any residual water is dried from theheat of the water vapor.

The dried brine is then transported to a dried brine holding tank 216for subsequent use or processing. Such dried brine could be used toproduce salt or other compounds found in salt water. In addition, anyuseful contaminants, i.e., metals, elements, or other valuablecompounds, found in the water processed in the inventive system 10 maybe recovered from the dried brine for resale or other subsequentprocessing.

As shown in FIGS. 37 and 38 , the system 10 may be controlled by acontrol system 218 that measures various operating parameters of thesystem 10. The control system 218 includes a graphical display 220 thatis touch screen sensitive. The graphical display 220 can be used toadjust the power, torque, and rpms of the motor and shaft, as well as,the flow rate of fluid entering the system 10. This graphical display220 is similar to the graphical display depicted in FIG. 28 . Thegraphical display 220 includes a schematic graphical depiction of thesystem 10 corresponding to various components thereof. The controlsystem 218 and graphical display 220 described herein is an updated fromthe version of FIG. 28 . The graphical display 220 includes indicatorlights 238 around its border that indicate power, CPU activity, andoperating modes, corresponding to the fluid being processed in thesystem 10, i.e., (1) brackish water, (2) sea water, (3) produced water,and (4) pasteurizing water.

The updated graphical display provides measurement data captured by aplurality of operating sensors 222 connected to the system 10, as wellas, an internal clock to measure operating time and determine a rate forany of the data measured by the operating sensors 222.

The operating sensors 222 include temperature and pressure sensors 224associated with each of a plurality of processing stages 226 within thesystem 10. The processing stages may include an inlet stage 226 a, anoutlet stage 226 b, and tray/baffle stages 226 c associated with eachoperating pair of a tray 22 followed by a baffle 24. The operatingsensors 222 also include rotational sensors 228 associated with theshaft 36 and the motor 32, 32 a. The rotational sensors 228 areconfigured to measure revolutions per minute, torque, horsepower,runtime, and total revolutions. The operating sensors 222 may alsoinclude bearing sensors 230 associated with the bearings 38, 40 oneither end of the shaft 36. The bearing sensors 230 are configured tomeasure temperature and flow rate of a lubricant passing through thebearings 38, 40, as well as, vibration of the shaft 36. The operatingsensors 222 may also include flow sensors 232 associated with the fluidinlet 18 and contaminant outlet 46. The flow sensors 232 are configuredto measure an opened or closed state of a valve on the fluid inlet 18,flow rate in the fluid inlet 18 and concentrate outlet 46, and totalfluid flow in the fluid inlet 18 and concentrate outlet 46.

The graphical display 220 has several display modes. The main screen isshown in FIG. 38 and displays the values measured by the operationalsensors 222 in the schematic illustration of the system 10. A graphsscreen, shown in FIG. 39 displays the values measured by the temperatureand pressure sensors 224 in a bar graph format 234 configured torepresent the orientation of the plurality of operational stages 226.The graphs screen also displays numerical measurement values for therotational sensors 228, the bearing sensors 230, and the flow sensors232. A trends screen, shown in FIG. 40 , displays a line graph 236 ofthe values measured by the temperature and pressure sensors 224 againsttime. On this line graph, each operational stage 226 associated with oneof the temperature and pressure sensors 224 is depicted as a separateline. The line graphs may show present operational conditions or may bereviewed to show historical operational temperature and pressure data.The trends screen may also display data measured by the other sensors,including at least revolutions per minute of the rotor from therotational sensors 228. The display screen 220 also has functionality tocapture an image of the graphical display, as well as, to regulatewhether data logging is on or off.

FIGS. 41 and 42 illustrate schematic flowcharts of alternative systemsfor purifying a contaminated or impaired water supply. Specifically,FIG. 41 depicts an embodiment of a system 250 for recovering desalinatedwater from an impaired water source. FIG. 42 depicts an embodiment of asystem 264 for generating steam from an impaired water source.

In the desalination system 250, impaired water source may be introducedfrom an impaired water pipeline or tank 252. A tank is preferred insofaras a tank is likely to contain a more consistent supply of water tomaintain the system 250 in a continuous operational state for a longerperiod of time. A pipeline is more likely to suffer from interruptionsin supply.

The outflow from the impaired water tank 252 is preferably directed intoa macro filtration or strainer device 254 intended to remove largeundissolved particles from the impaired water flow that may damage ofclog downstream equipment, particularly a vaporization-desalination unit10. A particularly preferred embodiment of the filtration-strainerdevice 254 preferably includes two or more stacked screens havingapertures of various and/or adjustable sizes. The filtration-strainerdevice 254 may include multiple sets of stacked screens so that thewater flow may be diverted from one to another when cleaning isrequired. The outflow from the filtration or strainer device 254 is thendirected into a feed tank 256 for the filtered impaired water, which isintended to provide a more consistent supply of water to maintain thesystem 250 in a continuous operational state. The outflow from the feedtank 256 is then directed into a vaporization-desalination unit 10 asdescribed above.

The vaporization-desalination unit 10 is constructed and operates asdescribed above to separate the impaired water flow into a contaminantflow and clean water vapor flow. The contaminant flow is directed to abrine tank 258 for later disposal. As described above, the unit 10operates, in part, by heating the impaired water flow to convert part ofthe impaired water flow into the clean water vapor. The clean watervapor flow is directed to a vapor recovery pipeline 260, which in turnleads through a heat exchanger 256 a on the impaired water feed tank256. Because the impaired water contained in the feed tank 256 is at orbelow ambient temperature, the clean water vapor flow passing throughthe heat exchanger 256 a condenses into liquid water. This condensedliquid water is directed into a desalinated water recovery tank 262.Having been desalinated, the condensed liquid water can be utilized forany purpose.

The steam generation system 264 starts with similar components as thedesalination system 250. An impaired water source may be introduced froman impaired water pipeline or tank 252, with the preferred source beinga tank so as to provide a more consistent supply of water to maintainthe system 264 in a continuous operational state for a longer period oftime. The outflow from the impaired water tank 252 is preferablydirected into a macro filtration or strainer device 254 intended toremove large undissolved particles from the impaired water flow.

The outflow from the filtration or strainer device 254 is then directedinto a feed tank 256 for the filtered impaired water, which is intendedto provide a more consistent supply of water to maintain the system 264in a continuous operational state. The outflow from the feed tank 256 isthen directed into a vaporization-desalination unit 10 as describedabove, which is constructed and operates as described above to separatethe impaired water flow into a contaminant flow and clean water vaporflow. The contaminant flow is directed to a brine tank 258 for laterdisposal.

It is at this point that the steam generating system 264 differs fromthe desalination system 250. The clean water vapor flow from the unit 10is preferably directed to a steam generator 266, which converts theclean water vapor flow into a steam flow. The steam flow is thenintroduced to a steam turbine 268 for generating electricity.Alternatively, the system 264 may omit the steam generator 266, suchthat the turbine 268 is driven by the clean water vapor flow direct fromunit 10. Having driven the steam turbine 268, the flow exiting the steamturbine 268 is cooled and condensed such that the outflow can bedirected back into the system, as into the impaired water feed tank 256so as to continue the vaporization and steam generating steps. Theelectricity generated from the steam turbine may be stored in batteries,added directly to an electrical grid, or otherwise utilized to providepower to equipment.

FIG. 43 schematically illustrates a system 270 for generating steam andrecycling produced water from an oilfield steam process. A prior artoilfield steam process uses a steam generator to convert an externalsupply of water, e.g., municipal water supply, into steam for injectioninto an oil zone to stimulate and increase oil production. Generation ofsteam from an external water supply comes with high costs, both in thecost of the water and the cost of heating the water. After the steam isinjected into the oil zone, the oil released thereby is drawn out of theoil zone in a combined oil-water flow, which after processing producescrude oil for commercialization and a contaminated water flow. Thiscontaminated water flow is not useable for any purpose and can only bedisposed of. Due to its bulk and weight, transportation and disposal andthis contaminated water flow is expensive and takes a lot of space.

The inventive system 270 provides for purification of this contaminatedwater flow and recycling of the same into steam for use in the oilfieldsteam process. As the oilfield steam process system 270 is a recyclingloop, the following discussion will start with the steam generator 266.When the system 270 is first started up, the steam generator 266 isprimed with an external supply of water 272. This external supply ofwater 272 can be municipal water or any other available source of water,often available at significant cost. Depending on the temperature of thewater supply 272 it may need to be pre-heated and possibly convertedinto vapor—also are significant cost—prior to introduction to the steamgenerator 266.

The output from the steam generator 266 is injected into an oil zone274. Such injection occurs through an injector 276 a associated with atraditional oil wellhead 276 b. Once injected, the steam combines withthe crude oil in the oil zone 274 to form a combined crude oil-waterflow. This combined crude oil-water flow stimulates production andfacilitates removal of the crude oil from the oil zone 274, increasingthe rate of oil production. The oil wellhead 276 b utilizes traditionalwellhead equipment to remove the combined crude oil-water flow from thesubsurface oil zone 274 where it is sent to a gas separator 278. The gasseparator 278 removes any gas bubbles entrained in the combined crudeoil-water flow.

The degassed combined crude oil-water flow output from the gas separator278 is introduced into an oil-water separation tank 280. The oil-waterseparation tank 280 produces a first output that is a crude oil flowdirected to a crude oil storage tank 282, where it is subsequentlyprocessed and/or transported for later commercial distribution. Theoil-water separation tank 280 also produces a second output that is acontaminated water flow directed to a contaminated water storage tank252.

As in earlier systems, the produced water from this contaminated waterstorage tank 252 is preferably passed through a macrofiltration-strainer 254 to remove large, undissolved particles from theproduced water. Ideally, the filtration-strainer 254 preferably operatesat a flow rate of between 660 gallons per minute and 1760 gallons perminute. Such minimal filtration lowers the overall cost of operating thesystem by eliminating most of the macro particles from the producedwater flow prior to the purification-desalination, as well as,increasing the efficiency of such purification-desalination. The outputfrom the filtration strainer 254 is then introduced into thevaporizer-desalination unit 10.

As described above, the vaporizer-desalination unit 10 produces acontaminant or brine output 46 and a clean water vapor output 48. Thisclean water vapor output 48 is essentially desalinated, with nearly allof the contaminants being in the separated contaminant-brine output 46.The contaminant-brine output 46 is directed to an oilfield disposal well284 for storage. Because the contaminant-brine output 46 has beenseparated from the remainder of the contaminated water flow, it has agreatly reduced weight and volume, facilitating transportation andstorage of the same—resulting in reduced costs associated with disposal.The process 270 reduces the volume of contaminated water requiringdisposal by approximately 70%.

Completing the recycled loop, the vapor output 48 from the unit 10 isdirected into the steam generator 266 so as to replace the externalwater supply 272 once the system 270 is fully primed. Because theprocess 270 provides significant quantities of vapor, which is in-turnconverted to steam, it is possible to perform continuous steaminjections into the oil zone 274. The process 270 provides clean watervapor for steam injection such that the procurement of fresh water isnot needed. Low impurity vapor reduces/eliminates the need for treatmentof other fresh water sources used in steam generation. Because the cleanwater vapor output 48 is already at an elevated temperature there is noneed for pre-heating and the associated expense as with the use of anexternal water supply 272, i.e., municipal water. The recycling of theclean water vapor separated from the produced water eliminates the needfor continuous use of the external water supply 272 beyond priming thesystem and periodic replenishment of any portion that remains entrainedin the contaminant-bring output 46.

Utilizing this inventive oilfield steam process 270, the industry forthe steam recovery oil from oil zones can be greatly improved andexpanded. The continuous injections of steam into the oil zone 274result in an increase in oil production by up the 600% in heavy oilreservoirs. Oil can be removed from a well at greatly reducedexpense—saving on water supply costs, pre-heating costs, and disposalcosts. In addition, the continual introduction of steam into the oilzone stimulates the oil well so as to increase the rate of oilproduction. Thus, the inventive process 270 can recover more oil, at afaster rate, at a greatly reduced cost.

Although several embodiments have been described in detail for purposesof illustration, various modifications may be made without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the inventionis not to be limited, except as by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for decontaminating a fluid andrecovering vapor, comprising: (or processing a fluid and converting toclean vapor) a waste water supply fluidly connected to a waste waterfiltration strainer; a waste water feed tank fluidly connected to thewaste water filtration strainer; a purification unit for separating thewaste water into a contaminate flow and a vapor flow, a waste waterinlet on the purification unit fluidly connected to the waste water feedtank; wherein the purification unit comprises a generally horizontalelongated vessel having a plurality of alternately spaced rotating traysand fixed baffles disposed vertically along the elongated vessel betweena first end of the elongated vessel proximate to the waste water inletand second end of the elongated vessel proximate to a contaminant outletand a vapor outlet; a contaminant tank fluidly connected to thecontaminant outlet; and a vapor pipeline fluidly connected to the vaporoutlet.
 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a heat exchanger onthe waste water feed tank, wherein the vapor pipeline fluidly passesthrough the heat exchanger.
 3. The system of claim 2, further comprisinga decontaminated water recovery tank fluidly connected to the vaporpipeline after passing through the heat exchanger.
 4. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a steam generator fluidly connected to thevapor pipeline for converting the vapor flow into a steam flow.
 5. Thesystem of claim 4, further comprising a steam turbine fluidly connectedto the steam generator for converting the steam flow into electricity.6. The system of claim 4, further comprising a steam pipeline fluidlyconnecting the steam flow from the steam generator to a steam injectorfluidly connected to an oil zone.
 7. The system of claim 6, furthercomprising an oil-water separator for separating a combined oil-waterflow extracted from the oil zone into an oil product and the waste watersupply.
 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising a gas separatorfluidly connecting the combined oil-water flow extracted from the oilzone to the oil-water separator for separating gasses entrained in thecombined oil-water flow.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of theplurality of trays has a plurality of scoops each having an inlet of afirst diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter, and each ofthe plurality of baffles has a plurality of apertures each having aninlet of a first diameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter.10. The system of claim 1, wherein the purification unit furthercomprises an internal sleeve disposed in the elongated vessel downstreamof the plurality of trays and plurality of baffles, the internal sleeveforming an annular passageway to the contaminant outlet.
 11. A systemfor decontaminating a fluid and recovering vapor, comprising: (orprocessing a fluid and converting to clean vapor) a waste water supplyfluidly connected to a waste water filtration strainer; a waste waterfeed tank fluidly connected to the waste water filtration strainer; apurification unit for separating the waste water into a contaminate flowand a vapor flow, a waste water inlet on the purification unit fluidlyconnected to the waste water feed tank; wherein the purification unitcomprises a generally horizontal elongated vessel having a plurality ofalternately spaced rotating trays and fixed baffles disposed verticallyalong the elongated vessel between a first end of the elongated vesselproximate to the waste water inlet and second end of the elongatedvessel proximate to a contaminant outlet and a vapor outlet; acontaminant tank fluidly connected to the contaminant outlet; and avapor pipeline fluidly connected to the vapor outlet; a heat exchangeron the waste water feed tank, wherein the vapor pipeline fluidly passesthrough the heat exchanger; and a steam generator fluidly connected tothe vapor pipeline for converting the vapor flow into a steam flow. 12.The system of claim 11, further comprising a decontaminated waterrecovery tank fluidly connected to the vapor pipeline after passingthrough the heat exchanger.
 13. The system of claim 11, furthercomprising a steam turbine fluidly connected to the steam generator forconverting the steam flow into electricity.
 14. The system of claim 11,further comprising a steam pipeline fluidly connecting the steam flowfrom the steam generator to a steam injector fluidly connected to an oilzone.
 15. The system of claim 14, further comprising an oil-waterseparator for separating a combined oil-water flow extracted from theoil zone into an oil product and the waste water supply.
 16. The systemof claim 15, further comprising a gas separator fluidly connecting thecombined oil-water flow extracted from the oil zone to the oil-waterseparator for separating gasses entrained in the combined oil-waterflow.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of trayshas a plurality of scoops each having an inlet of a first diameter andan outlet of a second smaller diameter, and each of the plurality ofbaffles has a plurality of apertures each having an inlet of a firstdiameter and an outlet of a second smaller diameter.
 18. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the purification unit further comprises an internalsleeve disposed in the elongated vessel downstream of the plurality oftrays and plurality of baffles, the internal sleeve forming an annularpassageway to the contaminant outlet.